Language Acquisition Across Lifespan: Insights from Psycholinguistic Research

Abstract

This study examines language acquisition across the lifespan, drawing on insights from psycholinguistic research to explore how individuals acquire, process, and maintain linguistic competence from early childhood through adulthood and into older age. The review highlights the interplay of cognitive, social, and neurological factors that influence first and second language development, including critical periods, working memory, and neuroplasticity. Evidence from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies reveals that while early childhood remains a peak phase for language learning, adults also demonstrate significant capacity for language acquisition, particularly when supported by motivation, metalinguistic awareness, and structured input. The analysis further addresses age-related changes in language processing, bilingualism, and language attrition, emphasizing the adaptability of linguistic systems across the lifespan. By integrating theoretical frameworks and empirical findings, the study identifies current gaps in psycholinguistic research and proposes directions for future investigations aimed at optimizing language learning strategies for diverse age groups. The findings underscore the dynamic and lifelong nature of language acquisition, challenging traditional assumptions about rigid critical periods and highlighting the potential for continued linguistic growth throughout life.